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                <h1 id="项目部署相关知识点"><a href="#项目部署相关知识点" class="headerlink" title="项目部署相关知识点"></a>项目部署相关知识点</h1><h2 id="一、Docker"><a href="#一、Docker" class="headerlink" title="一、Docker"></a>一、Docker</h2><h3 id="1、什么是docker"><a href="#1、什么是docker" class="headerlink" title="1、什么是docker"></a>1、什么是docker</h3><p>Docker是一个开源的应用容器引擎，它让开发者可以打包他们的应用以及依赖包到一个可移植的容器中，然后发布到安装了任何 Linux 发行版本的机器上。Docker基于LXC来实现类似VM的功能，可以在更有限的硬件资源上提供给用户更多的计算资源。与同VM等虚拟化的方式不同，LXC不属于全虚拟化、部分虚拟化或半虚拟化中的任何一个分类，而是一个操作系统级虚拟化。</p>
<p>Docker是直接运行在宿主操作系统之上的一个容器，使用沙箱机制完全虚拟出一个完整的操作，容器之间不会有任何接口，从而让容器与宿主机之间、容器与容器之间隔离的更加彻底。每个容器会有自己的权限管理，独立的网络与存储栈，及自己的资源管理能，使同一台宿主机上可以友好的共存多个容器。</p>
<p>Docker借助Linux的内核特性，如：控制组（Control Group）、命名空间（Namespace）等，并直接调用操作系统的系统调用接口。从而降低每个容器的系统开销，并实现降低容器复杂度、启动快、资源占用小等特征。</p>
<h3 id="2、docker和虚拟机的区别"><a href="#2、docker和虚拟机的区别" class="headerlink" title="2、docker和虚拟机的区别"></a>2、docker和虚拟机的区别</h3><p>拟机Virtual Machine与容器化技术（代表Docker）都是虚拟化技术，两者的区别在于虚拟化的程度不同。</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>举个例子</strong></li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li><strong>服务器</strong>：比作一个大型的仓管基地，包含场地与零散的货物——相当于各种服务器资源。</li>
<li><strong>虚拟机技术</strong>：比作仓库，拥有独立的空间堆放各种货物或集装箱，仓库之间完全独立——仓库相当于各种系统，独立的应用系统和操作系统。</li>
<li><strong>Docker</strong>：比作集装箱，操作各种货物的打包——将各种应用程序和他们所依赖的运行环境打包成标准的容器，容器之间隔离。</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li><strong>基于一个图解释</strong></li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://notes-hub.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/typora_images/image-20220911162054658.png" alt="image-20220911162054658"></p>
<ol>
<li>虚拟机管理系统（Hypervisor）。利用Hypervisor，可以在主操作系统之上运行多个不同的从操作系统。类型1的Hypervisor有支持MacOS的HyperKit，支持Windows的Hyper-V以及支持Linux的KVM。类型2的Hypervisor有VirtualBox和VMWare。</li>
<li>Docker守护进程（Docker Daemon）。Docker守护进程取代了Hypervisor，它是运行在操作系统之上的后台进程，负责管理Docker容器。</li>
<li>vm多了一层guest OS，虚拟机的Hypervisor会对硬件资源也进行虚拟化，而容器Docker会直接使用宿主机的硬件资源</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li><strong>基于虚拟化角度</strong></li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li><strong>隔离性</strong> 由于vm对操作系统也进行了虚拟化，隔离的更加彻底。而Docker共享宿主机的操作系统，隔离性较差。</li>
<li><strong>运行效率</strong> 由于vm的隔离操作，导致生成虚拟机的速率大大低于容器Docker生成的速度，因为Docker直接利用宿主机的系统内核。因为虚拟机增加了一层虚拟硬件层，运行在虚拟机上的应用程序在进行数值计算时是运行在Hypervisor虚拟的CPU上的；另外一方面是由于计算程序本身的特性导致的差异。虚拟机虚拟的cpu架构不同于实际cpu架构，数值计算程序一般针对特定的cpu架构有一定的优化措施，虚拟化使这些措施作废，甚至起到反效果。</li>
<li><strong>资源利用率</strong> 在资源利用率上虚拟机由于隔离更彻底，因此利用率也会相对较低。</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="3、为什么要用docker"><a href="#3、为什么要用docker" class="headerlink" title="3、为什么要用docker"></a>3、为什么要用docker</h3><p>为啥要用Docker?这要从目前软件行业的痛点来讲起</p>
<ul>
<li>1、软件更新发布及部署低效，过程繁琐且需要人工介入</li>
<li>2、环境一致性难以保证</li>
<li>3、不同环境之间迁移成本太高</li>
</ul>
<p>有了Docker可以很大程度解决上面的问题。</p>
<p>首先，Docker的使用简单至极，从开发的角度来看就是三步走：构建，运输，运行。其中关键步骤就是构建环节，即打包镜像文件。但是从测试和运维的角度来看，那就只有两步：复制，运行。有了这个镜像，那么想复制到哪运行都可以，完全和平台无关了。同时Docker这种容器技术隔离出了独立的运行空间，不会和其他应用争用系统资源了以及还不需要考虑应用之间相互影响，想想就开心。</p>
<p>其次，因为在构建镜像的时候就处理完了服务程序对于系统的所有依赖，所以在你使用的时候，你可以忽略掉原本程序的依赖以及开发语言。对测试和运维而言，更多专注于自己的业务内容上。</p>
<p>最后，Docker于开发者而言提供了一种开发环境的管理办法，与测试人员而言保证了环境的同步，于运维人员提供了可移植的标准化部署流程。</p>
<h2 id="二、nginx"><a href="#二、nginx" class="headerlink" title="二、nginx"></a>二、nginx</h2><h3 id="1、什么是nginx"><a href="#1、什么是nginx" class="headerlink" title="1、什么是nginx"></a>1、什么是nginx</h3><p>Nginx—Ngine X，是一款免费的、自由的、开源的、高性能HTTP服务器和反向代理服务器；也是一个IMAP、POP3、SMTP代理服务器；Nginx以其高性能、稳定性、丰富的功能、简单的配置和低资源消耗而闻名。也就是说Nginx本身就可以托管网站（类似于Tomcat一样），进行Http服务处理，也可以作为反向代理服务器 、负载均衡器和HTTP缓存。Nginx 解决了服务器的C10K（就是在一秒之内连接客户端的数目为10k即1万）问题。它的设计不像传统的服务器那样使用线程处理请求，而是一个更加高级的机制—事件驱动机制，是一种异步事件驱动结构。</p>
<h4 id="优缺点："><a href="#优缺点：" class="headerlink" title="优缺点："></a>优缺点：</h4><p>优点：</p>
<ul>
<li>占内存小，可实现高并发连接，处理响应快</li>
<li>可实现http服务器、虚拟主机、方向代理、负载均衡</li>
<li>Nginx配置简单</li>
<li>可以不暴露正式的服务器IP地址</li>
</ul>
<p>缺点：</p>
<ul>
<li>动态处理差：nginx处理静态文件好,耗费内存少，但是处理动态页面则很鸡肋，现在一般前端用nginx作为反向代理抗住压力，</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="应用场景："><a href="#应用场景：" class="headerlink" title="应用场景："></a>应用场景：</h4><ol>
<li>http服务器。Nginx是一个http服务可以独立提供http服务。可以做网页静态服务器。</li>
<li>虚拟主机。可以实现在一台服务器虚拟出多个网站，例如个人网站使用的虚拟机。</li>
<li>反向代理，负载均衡。当网站的访问量达到一定程度后，单台服务器不能满足用户的请求时，需要用多台服务器集群可以使用nginx做反向代理。并且多台服务器可以平均分担负载，不会应为某台服务器负载高宕机而某台服务器闲置的情况。</li>
<li>nginz 中也可以配置安全管理、比如可以使用Nginx搭建API接口网关,对每个接口服务进行拦截。</li>
</ol>
<h3 id="2、Nginx如何处理HTTP请求"><a href="#2、Nginx如何处理HTTP请求" class="headerlink" title="2、Nginx如何处理HTTP请求"></a>2、Nginx如何处理HTTP请求</h3><p>Nginx 是一个高性能的 Web 服务器，能够同时处理大量的并发请求。它结合多进程机制和异步机制 ，异步机制使用的是异步非阻塞方式 ，接下来就给大家介绍一下 Nginx 的多线程机制和异步非阻塞机制 。<strong>1、多进程机制</strong>服务器每当收到一个客户端时，就有 服务器主进程 （ master process ）生成一个 子进程（ worker process ）出来和客户端建立连接进行交互，直到连接断开，该子进程就结束了。使用进程的好处是各个进程之间相互独立，不需要加锁，减少了使用锁对性能造成影响，同时降低编程的复杂度，降低开发成本。其次，采用独立的进程，可以让进程互相之间不会影响 ，如果一个进程发生异常退出时，其它进程正常工作， master 进程则很快启动新的 worker 进程，确保服务不会中断，从而将风险降到最低。缺点是操作系统生成一个子进程需要进行 内存复制等操作，在资源和时间上会产生一定的开销。当有大量请求时，会导致系统性能下降 。<strong>2、异步非阻塞机制</strong>每个工作进程 使用 异步非阻塞方式 ，可以处理 多个客户端请求 。当某个 工作进程 接收到客户端的请求以后，调用 IO 进行处理，如果不能立即得到结果，就去 处理其他请求 （即为 非阻塞 ）；而 客户端 在此期间也 无需等待响应 ，可以去处理其他事情（即为 异步 ）。当 IO 返回时，就会通知此 工作进程 ；该进程得到通知，暂时 挂起 当前处理的事务去 响应客户端请求 。</p>
<h3 id="3、为什么要用nginx"><a href="#3、为什么要用nginx" class="headerlink" title="3、为什么要用nginx"></a>3、为什么要用nginx</h3><p>跨平台、配置简单、方向代理、高并发连接：处理2-3万并发连接数，官方监测能支持5万并发，内存消耗小：开启10个nginx才占150M内存 ，nginx处理静态文件好，耗费内存少，</p>
<p>而且Nginx内置的健康检查功能：如果有一个服务器宕机，会做一个健康检查，再发送的请求就不会发送到宕机的服务器了。重新将请求提交到其他的节点上。</p>
<p>使用Nginx的话还能：</p>
<p>节省宽带：支持GZIP压缩，可以添加浏览器本地缓存<br>稳定性高：宕机的概率非常小<br>接收用户请求是异步的</p>
<h3 id="4、正向代理与反向代理"><a href="#4、正向代理与反向代理" class="headerlink" title="4、正向代理与反向代理"></a>4、正向代理与反向代理</h3><p>首先，代理服务器一般指局域网内部的机器通过代理服务器发送请求到互联网上的服务器，代理服务器一般作用在客户端。例如：GoAgent翻墙软件。我们的客户端在进行翻墙操作的时候，我们使用的正是正向代理，通过正向代理的方式，在我们的客户端运行一个软件，将我们的HTTP请求转发到其他不同的服务器端，实现请求的分发。</p>
<p><img src="https://notes-hub.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/typora_images/v2-8966f257cbe45e2c4b67540f81466dd0_1440w.jpg" alt="img"></p>
<p>反向代理服务器作用在服务器端，它在服务器端接收客户端的请求，然后将请求分发给具体的服务器进行处理，然后再将服务器的相应结果反馈给客户端。Nginx就是一个反向代理服务器软件。</p>
<p><img src="https://notes-hub.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/typora_images/v2-0c470bc752ed3a6a6bea36fa1601c9dc_1440w.jpg" alt="img"></p>
<p>从上图可以看出：客户端必须设置正向代理服务器，当然前提是要知道正向代理服务器的IP地址，还有代理程序的端口。</p>
<p>反向代理正好与正向代理相反，对于客户端而言代理服务器就像是原始服务器，并且客户端不需要进行任何特别的设置。客户端向反向代理的命名空间（name-space）中的内容发送普通请求，接着反向代理将判断向何处（原始服务器）转交请求，并将获得的内容返回给客户端。</p>
<p><img src="https://notes-hub.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/typora_images/v2-7cd9073b769f76d97223a5018ea69818_1440w.jpg" alt="img"></p>
<h3 id="5、为什么要做动静分离"><a href="#5、为什么要做动静分离" class="headerlink" title="5、为什么要做动静分离"></a>5、为什么要做动静分离</h3><ul>
<li><p>Nginx是当下最热的Web容器，网站优化的重要点在于静态化网站，网站静态化的关键点则是是动静分离，动静分离是让动态网站里的动态网页根据一定规则把不变的资源和经常变的资源区分开来，动静资源做好了拆分以后，我们则根据静态资源的特点将其做缓存操作。</p>
</li>
<li><p>让静态的资源只走静态资源服务器，动态的走动态的服务器</p>
</li>
<li><p>Nginx的静态处理能力很强，但是动态处理能力不足，因此，在企业中常用动静分离技术。</p>
</li>
<li><p>对于静态资源比如图片，js，css等文件，我们则在反向代理服务器nginx中进行缓存。这样浏览器在请求一个静态资源时，代理服务器nginx就可以直接处理，无需将请求转发给后端服务器tomcat。<br>若用户请求的动态文件，比如servlet,jsp则转发给Tomcat服务器处理，从而实现动静分离。这也是反向代理服务器的一个重要的作用</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="三、Git"><a href="#三、Git" class="headerlink" title="三、Git"></a>三、Git</h2><h4 id="Git中5个区，和具体操作？"><a href="#Git中5个区，和具体操作？" class="headerlink" title="Git中5个区，和具体操作？"></a>Git中5个区，和具体操作？</h4><ul>
<li>代码提交和同步代码</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="C:\Users\15433\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\image-20220911163930631.png" alt="image-20220911163930631"></p>
<ul>
<li><p>代码撤销和撤销同步</p>
<p><img src="C:\Users\15433\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\image-20220911163944388.png" alt="image-20220911163944388"></p>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="¶-平时是怎么提交代码的？"><a href="#¶-平时是怎么提交代码的？" class="headerlink" title="¶ 平时是怎么提交代码的？"></a><a href="#%E5%B9%B3%E6%97%B6%E6%98%AF%E6%80%8E%E4%B9%88%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%A4%E4%BB%A3%E7%A0%81%E7%9A%84">¶</a> 平时是怎么提交代码的？</h4><ul>
<li>第零步: 工作区与仓库保持一致</li>
<li>第一步: 文件增删改，变为已修改状态</li>
<li>第二步: git add ，变为已暂存状态</li>
</ul>
<pre class=" language-bash"><code class="language-bash">$ <span class="token function">git</span> status
$ <span class="token function">git</span> add --all <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true"># 当前项目下的所有更改</span>
$ <span class="token function">git</span> add <span class="token keyword">.</span>  <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true"># 当前目录下的所有更改</span>
$ <span class="token function">git</span> add xx/xx.py xx/xx2.py  <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true"># 添加某几个文件</span>
  
        @pdai: 代码已经复制到剪贴板
    
</code></pre>
<ul>
<li>第三步: git commit，变为已提交状态</li>
</ul>
<pre class=" language-bash"><code class="language-bash">$ <span class="token function">git</span> commit -m <span class="token string">"&lt;这里写commit的描述>"</span>
  
        @pdai: 代码已经复制到剪贴板
    
</code></pre>
<ul>
<li>第四步: git push，变为已推送状态</li>
</ul>
<pre class=" language-bash"><code class="language-bash">$ <span class="token function">git</span> push -u origin master <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true"># 第一次需要关联上</span>
$ <span class="token function">git</span> push <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true"># 之后再推送就不用指明应该推送的远程分支了</span>
$ <span class="token function">git</span> branch <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true"># 可以查看本地仓库的分支</span>
$ <span class="token function">git</span> branch -a <span class="token comment" spellcheck="true"># 可以查看本地仓库和本地远程仓库(远程仓库的本地镜像)的所有分支</span>
  
        @pdai: 代码已经复制到剪贴板
    
</code></pre>
<p>在某个分支下，我最常用的操作如下</p>
<pre class=" language-bash"><code class="language-bash">$ <span class="token function">git</span> status
$ <span class="token function">git</span> add -a
$ <span class="token function">git</span> status
$ <span class="token function">git</span> commit -m <span class="token string">'xxx'</span>
$ <span class="token function">git</span> pull --rebase
$ <span class="token function">git</span> push origin xxbranch
  
        @pdai: 代码已
</code></pre>

                
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